Salmon as a Bioassay Model of Effects of Total Dissolved Solids (Juneau Center for Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2003)
This final report describes a comprehensive study of the lethal and sublethal effects of total dissolved solids (TDS) on salmonid embryos and juveniles, including acute and chronic exposure bioassays across multiple species (coho, chum, king, pink, steelhead salmon, and arctic char). The research found that fertilization was the most sensitive developmental stage to TDS exposure, with significant effects observed at concentrations as low as 250 ppm, and that different salmonid species exhibited varying sensitivities to TDS.